Harmful development projects vis-à-vis conservation of sacred sites: Makwarela, Tate Vondo and Phiphidi case studies.

Abstract

The ownership, use and protection of traditional lands have been undermined for decades by the adverse consequence of development projects in South Africa. Especially during the post-apartheid epoch, long-lasting effects on rural livelihoods, well-being and cultures because of the expansion of development projects have been on the ascent. Sacred sites, consequently have not been spared from the wrath of destruction. This is despite that sacred sites, the knowledge and customs connected to these sites, are still vital for indigenous rural people today. They are essential for their cultural identity and livelihood. Against this background, this paper examines the ramifications of subverting and obliterating sacred sites in the façade of development. The paper uses Makwarela, Tate Vondo and Phiphidi case Studies situated in Vhembe district, South Africa to give an outline of the ramifications of subverting and obliterating sacred sites on rural livelihoods. The paper uses the qualitative method to collect data.